Xinjiang China

Xinjiang China is the nation’s largest province and is one of the few whose population is not dominated by Han Chinese. It covers a staggering 641,350 square miles (1,660,400 sq km), one-sixth of China. However, the province’s population ranks 24th in the country with 19,630,000 people. The population density places 29th with 11.8 p/sq km. The capital and largest city is Ürümqi (pinyin: Wulumuqi). The province is technically titled Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu. Zizhiqu defines the province’s status as an autonomous region.

Xinjiang China Geography

Xinjiang province is the northwestern-most province in China. Mountain ranges trace about half of the province’s perimeter. The Tibetan Plateau sneaks over the southern border. In the southeast running towards Gansu, the Altun Mountains mark the northern end of the plateau. Beneath Altun Shan is the Hoh Xil Mountain range, which runs into neighboring Qinghai. The Kunlun Moutnains follow the eastern half of the southern border with Tibet (Xizang Zizhiqu). The Tian Moutnains run along the western border with Kyrgyzstan and across the province almost reaching Mongolia and Gansu. On the northwestern border with Kazakhstan there are the Ala Tau and Khrebet Tarbagatay Mountains in the south and north respectively. The Aerhtai (Altai) Moutnains touch the northern part of the northeastern border with Mongolia.

Beneath Tian Shan the Tarim Basin (Tarim Pendi) stretches over a few hundred square miles all the way to the Tibetan Plateau. Within the basin there are a number of large rivers, including the Qarqan and Tarim. In all, the province has around 570 large and small rivers. Lop Nur Lake is in the eastern portion of the basin beneath the Kuruktag Mountains. Just above Kuruktag is another large lake, Bosten Hu. Above Tian Shan there is the Junggar basin (Junggar Pendi), the province’s second largest basin.

Xinjiang also borders Tajikistan; Pakistan; with a disputed area around Karakoram; India (or Kashmir and Jammu), Afghanistan; and Aksai Chin, which is administered by China and claimed by India.

Xinjiang China Industry

Xinjiang province has 48,010,000 hectares of utilizable grassland. Much of this is used for fruits and produce production. Cotton, wheat, silk, and sheep are also raised. Xinjiang’s mineral resources make up 80% of the country’s total with 122 types already found. Sixty-seven of these have proven deposits and amount to around half of the country’s total. Coal and oil are relatively rich within the province as well. Also, international and domestic tourism plays a significant role in the province’s economy.

Xinjiang China History

Xinjiang China was under the Xiongnu, a well-established nomadic tribe based in Mongolia, during the Han Dynasty (206 BC – 221 AD) until 60 BC when the Han Dynasty finally established the Protectorate of the Western Regions, which included much of modern Xinjiang. In 13 AD many of the states is the protectorate were returned to Xiongnu control. There were a series of expeditions conducted by the Han with intermittent success until 123 AD when most of the region was finally secured. The subsequent Wei (220 AD – 265 AD) and Western Jin (265 AD – 316 AD) dynasties maintained the Han’s position. A series of struggles between the Wei and Mongols ensued over northwestern China and many local and Mongol kingdoms were founded. Finally, the Northern Wei Dynasty (386 AD – 534 AD) reclaimed about a third of modern Xinjiang during its reunification of China.

During the 5th century the region was lost to expanding indigenous nomadic tribes in the north and south. In the 6th century, the Turks made their way in to the area and shortly controlled much of northwestern China. The Sui Dynasty (581 AD – 618 AD) reclaimed some of the Turk territory, which included southeastern Xinjiang.

Although the Tang Dynasty made impressive expansionist gains, pushing back the Turks during early and mid-7th century, by mid-8th century the region had been taken back by Uyghurs in the north and Tibetans from the south.

From the arrival of Genghis Khan in the 13th century to the Qing Dynasty (1644 AD – 1911 AD) the region passed through a number of tribes’ and empires’ reigns. The Qing Empire pushed out the Dzungars by the turn of the 18th century only to lose the northwestern part of the province (including parts of modern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan) to Russia in the mid-19th century. In 1884 most of what constitutes modern Xinjiang China had been recovered and was officially incorporated as a province.

The short-lived first East Turkistan Republic was founded here in 1933. The region was then brought back under Han control for about ten years until the rise of the second East Turkistan Republic in 1944. In 1949, the People’s Liberation Army of the new People’s Republic of China entered the area and the transition back into Chinese hands was relatively peaceful. October 1st, 1955, the province officially became an autonomous region of the PRC. Although, from 1949 onward, separatist sentiment in Xinjiang has not been uncommon and is still present. Periodic resistance efforts still result in militancy and bloodshed at times.

Xinjiang China Demographics

Unlike most Chinese provinces, in Xinjiang, Han Chinese are not the majority. Uyghur make up 45% of the population followed by Han who compose 41%. Kazakh still constitute 7% and Hui 5%. Kirghiz comprise 0.9% of the population followed closely by Mongol who total 0.8%. Dongxiang carry 0.3%. Tajik and Xibe are next with 0.2% each. Ozbek, Russian, Daur, and Tatar are also present in Xinjiang China.

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